This Author's Website is
I just posted an excellent article by Scott Stewart at STRATFOR which you should check out. Situational awareness is a critical neccessity for all law enforcement, security and personal protection officers, as exemplified by recent ambushes in Mexico.
Please check out the page HERE.
TRAINING CORNER
Sent by Ted Arnold
Anti-fatigue measures could cut cop deaths 15 percent. Dr. Bryan Vila, a former 17-year veteran street
cop in Los Angeles, says that a mix of poor personal habits and arbitrary agency policies are putting
officers at risk.
A leading sleep researcher argues that officer deaths from vehicle accidents and violent attacks could be
cut by at least 15 percent — “a pretty darned conservative estimate”—if the problem of police fatigue was
seriously addressed. As it is, he claims, a toxic mix of poor personal habits and arbitrary agency policies
is creating a “large pool of officers at risk.”
These assertions come from Dr. Bryan Vila, a former 17-year veteran street cop in Los Angeles who now
directs the Simulated Hazardous Operational Tasks laboratory in Washington State University’s Sleep &
Performance Research Center in Spokane. Author of the landmark book Tired Cops, Vila spoke at the
latest IACP annual conference as a panelist discussing “Strategies for Promoting Officer Safety by
Managing Fatigue and Work Hours.”
Law enforcement has always been a notoriously exhausting job. Shift work, extra duty, call-ins, and court
time don’t leave us with enough time to have a personal life, much less time to get some rest. That can be
deadly.
He expanded on his remarks in a recent interview with Force Science News about the impact of long
shifts, rotating schedules, and insufficient sleep on police reaction time and threat decision-making.
Sobering Stats
First, some sobering statistics Vila shared with his IACP audience. According to a survey by the AAA
Foundation for Traffic Safety, among officers in the US and Canada:
• 53 percent get less than 6.5 hours of sleep daily (compared to 30 percent of the general population)
• 91 percent report feeling fatigued “routinely”
• 14 percent are tired when they start their work shift
• 85 percent drive while “drowsy”
• 39 percent have fallen asleep at the wheel
Vila identified some of the many unwelcome consequences. “Fatigue decreases attentiveness, impairs
physical and cognitive functioning, diminishes the ability to deal with challenges, and sets up a vicious
cycle: fatigue decreases your ability to deal with stress and stress decreases your ability to deal with
fatigue.
“So far as health and wellness are concerned, chronic sleep deprivation is associated with cardiovascular
disease, gastrointestinal disorders, sleep apnea and other sleep disorders, and metabolic syndrome—the
group of risk factors that increase your chances of coronary artery disease, stroke, and type-two
diabetes.”
And, he estimates, fatigue is likely to be responsible for at least 15 percent of officer deaths and careerending injuries from vehicle crashes and felonious assaults.
Flawed Driving
The greatest risk from drowsy driving seems to come from cops heading home fatigued after shift. Before
the obvious hazard of falling asleep at the wheel occurs, there’s the issue of momentary inattentiveness.
“A drowsy driver does not experience a steady decrease in driving ability,” Vila explains. “You get
random, but increasingly frequent, lapses of attention. You space out for a few seconds.
“Most of the time, you get away with it. If you’re on a straight, flat road with no other traffic, it can be no
harm, no foul. But if the road turns while you’re inattentive, you’ve got a problem.”
He cites the case of a California officer driving home up a winding canyon on a bright Sunday morning. “During an attention lapse, the road curved and he kept going straight — out of lane and into a swarm of bicycles coming downhill. He killed two riders, a horrible tragedy.”
During their work shift, periodic shots of adrenalin may help officers stave off drowsiness until they’re offduty,
Vila speculates. “But then when the adrenalin wears off, the payback comes.” More research is
needed, he says, to clarify the adrenalin-fatigue interaction and its effect on performance.
Combat Limitations
Fatigue is also “a prime candidate for affecting how well you do in a combat situation,” Vila says. Again,
specific research findings are sparse, but “the best information so far strongly suggests that long work
hours and erratic, insufficient sleep put officers more at threat in confrontations, as well as driving,” he
says.
Among other things, as you get more and more tired, you experience a “cognitive narrowing” that can
cause you to miss important elements in your surrounding environment, Vila explains. This is similar to
the so-called “tunnel vision” stress reaction that is common in a threat situation and indeed may
accentuate that phenomenon, Vila says. “You’re not able to shift focus readily with a lot of competing
demands on your attention.”
Moreover, the fatigue-related narrowing can also impede your decision-making. “Your judgment is likely
to be compromised,” he says, “and the risk increases that you won’t make as good decisions as you
otherwise would. When you’re tired, you tend to latch onto a ‘solution’ for challenges that confront you
and stick with it even when objective information suggests it is wrong.
“Parts of the brain that we know are especially vulnerable to fatigue are those that help you control
emotion and arousal and those that direct the executive functions, such as making and realizing the
consequences of decisions.
“These elements obviously affect your ability to survive life-threatening challenges. Being tired puts you at
a substantial disadvantage, compared to being fully alert and having your best faculties for detecting and
addressing the threat.”
Self Monitoring
What’s also certain from studies of astronauts, fighter pilots, and other subjects is that “human beings are
lousy judges of how impaired they are from fatigue,” Vila says.
“One of the first parts of your brain negatively affected by lack of sleep is the part that looks in on yourself
and reports how you’re doing. That means that one of the first pieces of safety equipment to go down as
you get more tired is your tiredness monitor.
“Your cognitive ability can be affected by fatigue, without your realizing it, to the same degree as
someone who’s drunk. In tests even of elite professionals, people’s reports of how tired they are don’t
relate accurately to how tired they really are. In short, you just can’t self-monitor fatigue worth a damn.”
Agency Adaptations
Protecting officers from fatigue disasters requires a collaborative effort between agencies and personnel,
Vila advises.
He believes agencies can help by scheduling shifts to more closely mirror natural body rhythms. “We
don’t have full information yet on what’s the perfect shift or at least the least harmful shift,” he says. “But
the officers most at risk seem to be those who work through the night, because the body’s natural
circadian rhythm is to be awake and working in daylight.
“In most people, there tends to be a gradual decrease in alertness after ten or eleven o’clock at night,
hitting bottom between three and six in the morning. From about six onward, light rays from the sun
trigger cells in your brain that promote a renewed cycle of alertness.
“The longer your shift is in darkness, the more at risk of fatigue you are. If you’ve been up for 12 hours,
you’re more at risk at four in the morning than if you’ve been up for 12 hours and it’s four in the
afternoon.”
“Departments often just arbitrarily pick the times for shifts to begin and end, but with a little flexibility they
could favor the night-shift officers, who are most at risk. Get them started earlier and off the job and in
bed earlier, even if it means the day shift has to start earlier.”
Also, he points out, “Departments don’t have to have the same length of shifts all around the clock. They
could have 12-hour shifts during the day and eight-hour shifts at night. And they could sharply limit the
number of night shifts an officer works consecutively.
The more night shifts you work in a row, the less and less resilient you become to being tired. After about 3 consecutive night shifts, you’ll start to see a substantial problem and you need time off so you can catch up on your sleep.”
For more than a decade, Vila has advocated that agencies provide a “napping room” where officers can
take 20- to 40-minute restorative breaks during duty hours. “Even if you don’t fall sound asleep, just lying
down with your eyes closed for 30 minutes in an absolutely dark and safe room can have a major
refreshing effect,” he says.
“All this may be a bit of a pain for administrators,” Vila acknowledges, “but it’s smart in terms of risk
management. Departments will end up getting better work out of their people while keeping them safer.”
Personal Responsibility
“You need to be your own first line of defense in combating fatigue,” Vila emphasizes.
Among the personal issues that affect whether you get the recommended seven to eight hours of quality
sleep per 24 hours are these:
• What’s your sleep environment? “Are you sacking out in the La-Z-Boy with the game on and getting
up every hour or so to do things?” he asks.
• How much caffeine are you taking in?
• What’s your overall level of health and fitness?
• Are you working a 12-hour shift and then tacking on overtime or a second job?
• If you work nights, are you scheduling sleep appropriately?
“The farther into the day that you first try to sleep, the fewer consecutive hours of sleep you’re likely to
get,” Vila explains. “If you can go to bed at five to seven in the morning, good. But if you wait ‘til noon,
sleep is harder to sustain.”
Dealing effectively with the fatigue issue in law enforcement is really “a tightrope walk,” Vila says.
“Agencies have to back the demands for service in their community with concern for the needs of the
officers they put on the street to meet those demands. But by the same token, if officers are not making
rest and resilience priorities for themselves, whatever departments do may not be enough.”
New Research Ahead
During the next two years, Vila and his research team plan to conduct controlled laboratory experiments
that he hopes will provide a scientific basis for managing police fatigue. Supported by joint funding from
California POST and the federal DOD, they will study the cumulative impact of work-related fatigue on the
performance of experienced patrol officers in three critical operational tasks: vehicle driving, deadly force
encounters, and reporting.
Vila says: “Even though research involving other professionals makes clear that fatigue from sleep loss
degrades human performance while driving, making decisions, collecting information, communicating,
and reporting, little is known about the magnitude of those effects in police work. That is important
knowledge we need in order to manage police fatigue in a cost-effective manner.”
The study will involve 80 officers, half of whom work night shifts and half who work days. Each officer will
take a battery of tests twice, once while highly fatigued, and another time when rested. Their sleep will be
tracked using wrist actigraphs and their performance will be measured in the WSU Sleep & Performance
Research Center, using MPRI PatrolSimIV driving simulators, AIS PRISim L1000 deadly force judgment
and decision-making simulators, and in a computerized field report writing simulation as well as a set of
vigilance and fatigue assessments.
By Scott Stewart
On April 24, officers from the anti-kidnapping unit of Moscow’s Criminal Investigation Department and the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) rescued 20-year-old Ivan Kaspersky from a dacha in Sergiev Posad, a small town about 40 miles northeast of Moscow. Kaspersky, the son of Russian computer software services billionaire Eugene Kaspersky (founder of Kaspersky Lab), was kidnapped on April 19 as he was walking to work from his Moscow apartment.
A fourth-year computer student at Moscow State University, Kaspersky was working as an intern at a software company located near Moscow’s Strogino metro station.
Following the abduction, Kaspersky was reportedly forced to call his father and relay his captors’ demands for a ransom of 3 million euros ($4.4 million). After receiving the ransom call, the elder Kaspersky turned to Russian law enforcement for assistance.
On April 21, news of the abduction hit the Russian and international press, placing pressure on the kidnappers and potentially placing Kaspersky’s life in jeopardy. In order to defuse the situation, disinformation was leaked to the press that a ransom had been paid, that Kaspersky had been released unharmed and that the family did not want the authorities involved. Kaspersky’s father also contacted the kidnappers and agreed to pay the ransom.
Responding to the ruse, four of the five members of the kidnapping gang left the dacha where Kaspersky was being held to retrieve the ransom and were intercepted by Russian authorities as they left. The authorities then stormed the dacha, arrested the remaining captor and released Kaspersky. The five kidnappers remain in custody and are awaiting trial.
According to Russia’s RT television network, Russian officials indicated that the kidnapping was orchestrated by an older couple who were in debt and sought to use the ransom to get out of their financial difficulties. The couple reportedly enlisted their 30-year-old son and two of his friends to act as muscle for the plot.
Fortunately for Kaspersky, the group that abducted him was quite unprofessional and the place where he was being held was identified by the cell phone used to contact Kaspersky’s father. Reports conflict as to whether the cell phone’s location was tracked by the FSB, the police anti-kidnapping unit or someone else working for Kaspersky’s father, but in any case, in the end the group’s inexperience and naivete allowed for Kaspersky’s story to have a happy ending.
However, the story also demonstrates that even amateurs can successfully locate and abduct the son of a billionaire, and some very important lessons can be drawn from this case.
The Abduction
According to the Russian news service RIA Novosti, Kaspersky’s abductors had been stalking him and his girlfriend for several months prior to the kidnapping. This pre-operational surveillance permitted the kidnappers to determine Kaspersky’s behavioral patterns and learn that he did not have any sort of security detail protecting him.
Media reports also indicate that the kidnappers were apparently able to obtain all the information they required to begin their physical surveillance of the victim from information Kaspersky himself had posted on Vkontakte.ru, a Russian social networking site.
According to RT, Kaspersky’s Vkontakte profile contained information such as his true name, his photo, where he was attending school, what he was studying, who he was dating, where we was working for his internship and even the addresses of the last two apartments where he lived.
Armed with this cornucopia of information, it would be very easy for the criminals to establish physical surveillance of Kaspersky in order to gather the additional behavioral information they needed to complete their plan for the abduction. Kaspersky also appears to have not been practicing the level of situational awareness required to detect the surveillance being conducted against him — even though it was being conducted by amateurish criminals who were undoubtedly clumsy in their surveillance tradecraft.
This lack of awareness allowed the kidnappers to freely follow him and plot his abduction without fear of detection. Kaspersky made himself an easy target in a dangerous place for high net worth individuals and their families. While kidnapping for ransom is fairly rare in the United States, Russian law enforcement sources report that some 300 people are kidnapped for ransom every year in Russia.
Denial
In terms of being an easy target, Kaspersky was not alone. It is not uncommon for the children of high net worth families to want to break free of their family’s protective cocoon and “live like a regular person.” This means going to school, working, dating and living without being insulated from the world by the security measures in place around their parents and their childhood homes.
This tendency was exemplified by the well-publicized example of George W. Bush’s twin daughters “ditching” their Secret Service security details so they could go out and party with their friends when they were in college.
Having personally worked as a member of an executive protection detail responsible for the security of a high net worth family, I have seen firsthand how cumbersome and limiting an executive protection detail can be — especially a traditional, overt-security detail.
A low-key, “bubble-type” detail, which focuses on surveillance detection and protective intelligence, provides some space and freedom, but it, too, can be quite limiting and intrusive — especially for a young person who wants some freedom to live spontaneously. Because of the very nature of protective security, there will inevitably be a degree of tension between personal security and personal freedom.
However, when reacting to this tension, those protected must remember that there are very real dangers in the world — dangers that must be guarded against.
Unfortunately, many people who reject security measures tend to live in a state of denial regarding the potential threats facing them, and that denial can land them in trouble. We have seen this mindset most strongly displayed in high net worth individuals who have recently acquired their wealth and have not yet been victimized by criminals.
A prime example of this was U.S billionaire Eddie Lampert, who at the time of his abduction in 2003 did not believe there was any threat to his personal security. His first encounter with criminals was a traumatic kidnapping at gunpoint. But this mindset can also appear in younger members of well-established families of means who have not personally been victimized by criminals.
It is important to realize, however, that the choice between security and freedom does not have to be an either/or equation. There are measures that can be taken to protect high net worth individuals and children without employing a full protective security detail.
These same measures can also be applied by people of more modest means living in places such as Mexico or Venezuela, where the kidnapping threat is pervasive and extends to almost every strata of society, from middle-class professionals and business owners to farmers.
In this type of environment, the threat also applies to mid-level corporate employees who serve tours as expatriate executives in foreign cities. Some of the cities they are posted in are among the most crime-ridden in the world, including such places as Mexico City, Caracas, Sao Paulo and Moscow. When placed in the middle of an impoverished society, even a mid-level executive or diplomat is, by comparison, incredibly rich.
As a result, employees who would spend their lives under the radar of professional criminals back home in the United States, Canada or Europe can become prime targets for kidnapping, home invasion, burglary and carjacking in their overseas posts.
The Basics
Before anything else can be done to address the criminal threat, like any other issue, the fact that there is indeed a threat must first be recognized and acknowledged. As long as a potential target is in a state of denial, very little can be done to protect him or her.
Once the threat is recognized, the next step in devising a personal protection system is creating a realistic baseline assessment of the threat — and exposure to that threat. This assessment should start with some general research on crime and statistics for the area where the person lives, works or goes to school, and the travel corridors between these places.
The potential for natural disasters, civil unrest — and in some cases the possibility of terrorism or even war — should also be considered. Based on this general crime-environment assessment, it might be determined that the kidnapping risk in a city such as Mexico City or Moscow will dictate that a child who has a desire to attend university without a protective security detail might be better off doing so in a safer environment abroad.
Building on these generalities, then, the next step should be to determine the specific threats and vulnerabilities by performing some basic analyses and diagnostics. In some cases, these will have to be performed by professionals, but they can also be undertaken by the individuals themselves if they lack the means to hire professional help. These analyses should include:
In-depth cyberstalking report. Most of the people for whom we have conducted such reports have been shocked to see how much private information analysts are able to dig up on the Internet. This information is available for free (or for a few dollars) to anyone, including criminals, who might be targeting people for kidnapping, extortion or other crimes. The problem of personal information being available on the Internet is magnified when potential targets gratuitously post personal information online, as in the Kaspersky case. Even in cases where personal information is available only to online “friends,” it is quite easy for savvy Internet users to use a false social networking account with an attractive photo to social engineer their way into a circle of friends using common pretexting tactics.
Therefore, potential targets need to be extremely careful what they post online, and they also must be aware of what information about them is publicly available on the Internet and how that information may make them vulnerable to being targeted. If it is determined that the information available makes them too vulnerable, changes may have to be made.
Baseline surveillance diagnostics. Surveillance diagnostics is a blend of surveillance-detection techniques that are designed to determine if an individual is under systematic criminal surveillance. This can be conducted by the potential targets themselves, if they receive the necessary training, or by a specialized professional surveillance-detection team.
As the name suggests, this diagnostic level helps establish a baseline from which to plan future security and surveillance-detection operations.
This type of analysis examines the regular travel routes of a potential target in order to identify locations such as choke points that can be used by criminals for surveillance or to conduct an attack. Route analysis can be performed by the same team that conducts surveillance diagnostics, or even by a potential target if the person will thoughtfully examine his or her daily travel routes.
Such an analysis allows the potential target to be cognizant of such locations and of the need to increase situational awareness for signs of surveillance or a potential attack as he or she passes through them — especially during a highly predictable move like the morning home-to-work commute.
Physical security surveys. Such surveys are performed for the home, workplace or school of the potential target. While individuals can effectively conduct such surveys using common sense, a professional assessment can be useful and will often be performed for free by alarm companies. Obviously, any security upgrades required at a workplace or school will require coordination with the security managers for these locations.
Response capability assessment.
This is a realistic assessment of the capabilities and responsiveness of the local police and security forces as well as fire and medical first-responders. In some places, security personnel themselves may be involved in criminal activity, or prove to be generally unresponsive or incompetent. Knowing their true capabilities is necessary to create a realistic security plan.
There are some very good private training facilities that can provide individuals with training in things like attack recognition/avoidance, surveillance detection and route analysis as well hands-on skills like tactical driving.
Even if a potential target is being afforded a protection detail, it must be remembered that guards with guns are not in and of themselves a guarantee of security. If a group is brazen enough to undertake a kidnapping, they will in many cases and many places not hesitate to use deadly force in the commission of their crime. If they are given free rein to conduct pre-operational surveillance, they will be able to make plans to overcome any security measures in place, including the neutralizing of armed security personnel.
After recognizing that a threat indeed exists, the next key concept that potential targets need to internalize is that criminals are vulnerable to detection as they plan their crimes, and that ordinary people can develop the skills required to detect criminal activity and take measures to avoid being victimized. The fact is, most criminals practice terrible surveillance tradecraft.
They are permitted to succeed in spite of their lack of skill because, for the most part, people simply do not practice good situational awareness.
The good news for potential targets is that being aware of one’s surroundings and identifying potential threats and dangerous situations is more a mindset or attitude than a hard skill. Because of this, situational awareness is not something that can be practiced only by highly trained government agents or specialized surveillance detection teams — it is something that can be practiced by anyone with the will and the discipline to do so.
In the Kaspersky case, it is very likely that had the young man been practicing good situational awareness, he would have been able to note the criminals conducting surveillance on him and to take appropriate action to avoid being kidnapped.
Armed guards, armored vehicles and other forms of physical security are all valuable protective tools, but they can all be defeated by kidnappers who are allowed to form a plan and execute it at the time and place of their choosing. Clearly, a way is needed to deny kidnappers the advantage of striking when and where they choose or, even better, to stop a kidnapping before it can be launched. This is where the intelligence tools outlined above come into play. They permit the potential target, and any security officers working to protect them, to play on the action side of the action/reaction equation rather than passively waiting for something to happen.
pressure point defensive tactics of the integrated combat protection system
Facebook.com – Become a Fan! Twitter.com – Follow Us! Stay tuned for the latest news on Rebecca Black’s scary death threats. We’ve got it next. Welcome back to ClevverTV, I’m Joslyn Davis at our Hollywood headquarters. We’ve just learned that the police are investigating two death threats made against Rebecca Black in March. According to the Anaheim California police, the threats have to do with her music video for Friday. Authorities are not releasing the identities of the people who initiated the threats, however they are treating both very seriously. According to the reports, one threat was made over the phone and was directed at Rebecca’s management team, while the other was written in an email and sent to Black’s production company. The only other information we have right now is that both threats mentioned getting Friday off of YouTube or they were going to kill Rebecca. The police said they’re keeping an extra eye on her to be on the safe side, and if they determine these threats were serious, they’ll work towards prosecution, and these people could face criminal charges. This is pretty serious stuff. So what do you think about Rebecca receiving death threats? Comment on the situation below, and stay posted on more news by subbing our YouTube channel. I’m Joslyn Davis, thanks for tuning in.
Bad Behavior has blocked 94 access attempts in the last 7 days.